Slots And Slats Aerodynamics

  
How Zenair 701 & Savannah aircraft fly better with VGs than with Slats!!!
See also, the more recent detailed test results:

High lift devices, slots, slats, flaps, flaperons; Drag inducing devices, spoilers, lift dumpers, speed brakes; Effects of wing fences, saw tooth leading edges; Boundary layer control using, vortex generators, stall wedges or leading edge devices; Operation and effect of trim tabs, balance and antibalance (leading) tabs, servo tabs. Watch and share Aerodynamics: Airfoil Camber, Flaps, Slots-Slats & Drag: 'Smoke Lifts' Circa 1938 NACA Langley GIFs on Gfycat.

Slats and flaps are high lift devices, intended to produce maximum lift coefficients on aerodynamically designed wings of aircraft. The use of aerodynamic extensions are done in order to increase the effective plan form area of wing thereby generating extra lift force required for an aircraft wing. A typical passenger aircraft has three.

http://www.stolspeed.com/flight-testing-slats-vs-vgs
It was way back in 1990, at the Sun’nFun fly-in at Lakeland, Florida that I first heard about the possibility of flying a Zenair CH701 without the leading edge slats. I was very interested in the CH701, so was hanging around the Zenair display, and there met a couple of CH701 fliers from Colombia. (Usual reaction at this point is that, “... it must have been for the drug trade…”, but that’s nonsense – this was the days of 532’s and early 582’s, and the drug syndicates didn’t need to fly over the jungle in two-stroke ultralights, they had the best of Bell helicopters!) The real reason there were so many CH701’s flying there, is that Columbian men are real macho and always ready for adventure, and a local manufacturer was building them ready to fly, so this aircraft suited them very well!
Anyhow, these fellas told me that they had removed their slats and their aircraft flew better! This was a real surprise, since those leading edge slats are one of the main distinguishing features of the Zenair CH701! They spoke a bit of English, and I spoke a bit of Spanish, so I questioned them over and over again just to be sure, and they assured me that it flew faster without slats, and landing speed was only a little higher.
Ever since that encounter I’ve been telling the story to Zenair CH701 and Storch fliers, suggesting that they might try flying without their slats, but no one would, so it had to wait until I had a similar aircraft myself to give it a go. Now I’ve thoroughly tested it out on my Savannah (a brother of the CH701), and the results are astounding! I’ll never put the slats back on. Two Zenair CH701 fliers at our airfield have also removed the slats from their CH701s, and the results are equally impressive. So we now have a surplus of used slats hung up in our hangars…….
Leading Edge Slats on a Savannah aircraft
Much cleaner - an excellent STOL wing!
Slots and slats aerodynamics game

The vast reduction in drag allows all these aircraft to fly considerably faster for the same power, climb better, glide better, and with the benefit of Vortex Generators, lift-off and touch-down just as short as with slats, but with more control.
In summary for my Savannah:

Slots And Slats Aerodynamics Games

Fast cruise @ 5200 rpm has gone from 79 kt to 85 kt. = + 6 kts
Top speed has gone from 94 kts to 103 kts! = + 9 kts.
Fuel burn @ 75 kts has gone from 17 L/hr to 13 L/hr. = 23.5% less!
Best climb rate @ 55 kts is 140 fpm higher.
Best glide @ 40-45 kts is 100 fpm better.
Stalls (idle power, no flap):
With slats – no real stall, just a stable high-descent mush @ less than 30 kts.
Without slats, no VGs* – a distinct stall and roll to the left @ 34 kts.
Without slats and with VGs – no stall, just a stable mush @ less than 30 kts.

*VGs = Vortex Generators, more about them elsewhere.
L/hr x 0.26 = US Gal/hr.
Kts x 1.15 = mph.

Note that the best rate of climb is 140 fpm better without slats.

Below 40 kts the rates are very much the same, so angle of climb is unchanged.


This testing was done in a ‘Savannah’ aircraft, a kitplane from I.C.P. in Italy . It’s a copy of the MXP 740, designed by Max Tedesco. It has the same wing profile as a CH701 but a longer, and a different tail section. Powered by a 100hp 912ULS, 4-blade Brolga prop pitched for climb (16° blocks), carrying pilot (73kg) and 30 litres fuel.
All tests were done in as similar conditions as possible. It only takes minutes to remove the slats, so comparison tests with and without were conducted within one hour of each other, at the same altitude, in calm conditions, at first light before any thermal activity. Climb and descent figures were timed with a stopwatch between 2000 and 3000 ft QNH. Stalls and straight and level trials were conducted at 2000 ft QNH. The with/without tests were done three times to re-confirm the figures. The ASI was compared with the GPS by flying a 4-way course and averaging the legs, and found to be 1 kt low at 70 and 80, 1 kt high at 40 and 50, and spot on at 60; these corrections have been worked into the results. Indicated airspeeds at 30 kts and less are truly only ‘indicated’ – inherent limitations in the ASI and the pitot at these low speeds won’t necessarily give a true airspeed, but is still adequate for ‘before and after’ comparison purposes.
For more detailed comparison testing of Slats vs VGs go to
http://www.stolspeed.com/flight-testing-slats-vs-vgs
There was no change at all in the trim setting required for the same cruise speed, with or without the slats. Which just confirms aerodynamic theory that the slats aren’t providing any lift at cruise angles of attack – they just allow the wing to operate at an angle of attack above the normal stalling angle of about 16°.
This has solved a mystery that bothered me while building the Savannah, in that the C of G range quoted in the manual was forward limit = 30% and rear limit = 38.5%!! Most wings need a rear limit about 30% and a forward limit about 23% so this seemed to be way too far back?? Mine weighed right in the specified range, at 31% and 37% so I flew it, and it flew really well as all Savannahs do, but it certainly didn’t feel like a C of G in the 30’s - puzzling???? This was measuring from the leading edge of the slats, with a chord of 1435mm. However, without the slats and now measuring from the leading edge of the actual wing itself, instead of from the leading edge of the slats, it calculates to 22% and 29% of the now 1270mm chord. This is just the sort of range that history has shown that most wings would call for. So, measuring from the leading edge of the slats on a slatted wing is misleading……
I did try leaving the slats on and covering the gaps top and bottom - notrecommended….. This now turned the slats into part of the real lifting surface, so the actual CofG was then indeed 36%, and it flew like an aft CofG – much more pitch sensitive and not so quick to drop the nose on pulling power. Cruise speed was the same as for no slats, but stall without VGs was up to 36 kts and much sharper, probably due to the smaller leading edge radius. I didn’t try VGs on that wing because I wouldn’t want to experience deep stalls with such an aft CofG……
Fuel Consumption
The large reduction in fuel consumption was the biggest surprise – 23 %! This was measured accurately and consistently on two long flights (50 hrs each) to Cape York and to Tasmania, from near Brisbane, Queensland (that’s equivalent to flying from Seattle to Anchorage, then Seattle to El Paso). On the trip to Cape York with slats on I used 17 litres/hr.; on the trip to Tasmania without slats I used only 13 litres/hr, averaging 75 kts both trips. On both trips I was flying in convoy with another Savannah with slats. He used 16 litres/hr both trips which provides a good reference. The reason I used one litre/hr more on the Cape York trip, when we both had slats, is that I run a 4-blade prop pitched for climb, while he has a 3-blade prop pitched for cruise. I used the same 4-blade prop on both trips, and saved 4 litres/hr by leaving the slats behind – a total fuel saving for the trip of $250! I could probably get even better fuel economy with a 3-blade, but I just love the tremendous take-off ‘grunt’ of this 4-blade Brolga!
After seeing my fuel saving on that last trip, the other Savannah owner has now removed his slats……
The reason I got this Savannah aircraft was for it’s STOL performance, and I certainly wasn’t disappointed – it was always good. I was expecting to lose a little bit of that STOL performance after removing the slats, so it was a really pleasant surprise to find that, with the addition of the VGs, it has actually improved!!! The VGs serve pretty much the same purpose as the slats, but do it better, with less down-side. The Zenair CH701 owners have found the same improvements.
I can now haul it off the ground sooner, with better control, and accelerate quicker in ground effect, and then climb away faster. With slats, when I hauled it back it would jump off just as short, but then wallow along, hanging on the prop, slowly accelerating behind the drag curve caused by that enormous slot exposed at that high angle of attack. Now it just jumps up and ‘flies’ away! And the climb rate is much improved.
Slow, power-off landings are much easier and safer without the slats. With the slats on, as the angle of attack increased, the drag increased exponentially, so that the speed slowed very quickly and the aircraft would drop suddenly and heavily. Lots of 701's have been bent just this way! Without the drag from the slats, my aircraft now floats on much more gradually and gently, even if flaring a bit too high - it's very forgiving!
The Case for Slats
After all that, I'll now present the argument for slats! They're not totally useless - they're really good for power-on landing approaches. Nose way high, hanging on the slats and the prop, 'dragging' the aircraft in below flying speed, with power controlling the descent. Can't see where you're going with the nose so high, but easy to do a spot landing that way - just reduce the power and it'll drop down right now, no floating on. But just watch that you don't get behind the power curve too early and too high, and pray that the engine doesn't stop, and hope that a stray wind shear doesn't drop a wing at such a critical moment..........
Slats + VGs
I did try VGs along with the original slats. In this case the VGs make no difference at all, because the slats already give good stall performance, so there's nothing more that VGs can do. But of course this still leaves all the drag that the slats produce........
Flaps
Another advantage I didn’t expect is that the flaps are now much more effective. These flaperons provide lots of lift with little drag – the descent rate only goes up 50 fpm from no flap to full flap @ 40 kts. This makes landings at full flap easy and controllable at about 25 kts touch-down speed. With the slats on, power-off landings at full flap were risky because the drag built up so quickly at low speed that, if you’re not right close to the ground when it happens, you come down with impact…. Now it just settles on gently. And this makes sense by aerodynamic theory, in that the slats only do their stuff at a high angle of attack, while the flaps dramatically reduce the angle of attack – so they’re contradicting each other….. To get any real benefit from the slats I had to ‘hang’ on the prop, at a very high angle of attack, and control the descent rate by power, ‘dragging’ the aircraft in – I don’t like that approach at all; I prefer to ‘fly’ the aircraft in at idle power.
And this Savannah with VGs instead of leading edge slats does ‘fly’ remarkably well now – I just love it!!! It now out-performs any Zenair 701 or Savannah with slats, both for STOL Ops and cruise.
p.s. – Now you’d have to wonder why the manufacturers didn’t discover this long ago, eh??? Once again it may be the Colombians who provide the answer. They said that they were told, '......Shh, don't tell anyone, it’s the slats that sell these aircraft……'. Well, I’m sure glad they told me about it, and now that I’ve tried it, I’ll tell everyone else so we can all benefit!
(NatFly is our Australian equivalent of the EAA Sun’nFun.)
At NatFly 2006, I displayed my Savannah with VGs instead of slats, and with a copy of this story taped to the side of the aircraft. The interest at NatFly was enthusiastic, because of course Aussie fliers are quick to pick up on useful ideas that are proven to work. All over the country now Zenair 701 and Savannah owners are shedding their slats and going to VGs.

Slots And Slats Aerodynamics Game

The visiting engineer from the Savannah manufacturing company in Italy looked at all my test data and then bought their first set of VGs from me! Now we learn that, after seeing my display at NatFly, and doing their own testing, the Savannah factory has brought out a new model, the 'Savannah VG', with a new leading edge and vortex generators instead of leading edge slats. So they’re still open to new ideas and quick on the uptake, and now they’re producing an even better aircraft!
Those of us with original Savannahs who have just removed our slats and added VGs to the original wing are getting very much the same performance figures as published for the company’s new leading edge with VGs. So I’m eagerly awaiting the new Savannah ‘VG’ model, so I can do some comparison testing against mine with just the original wing with VGs instead of slats. The first of the new models are due out here in August, and a friend nearby will probably be the first to finish building one. He’s a good STOL flier so we should be able to do some really interesting comparisons. I reckon they’re going to be very much the same…….
Update - I've now been able to do those comparison tests, as well as another more detailed comparison with the slats. Results at Flight testing-slats-vs-vgs

The Savannah manufacturing company is offering an upgrade kit, with a replacement leading edge and VGs. I sure wouldn’t be ordering that upgrade kit for $1000 until I see some really noticeable improvement in performance. To take the wings off, drill out all those important rivets in the spar (and end up with oblong and oversize holes), and then fight get that new skin (with an even sharper radius) installed so that the holes line up again, then paint it all again, I’d have to be sure there was a really significant gain to be had…… There’s certainly nothing at all wrong with my wing as it is – I just love it! Best to wait and see I reckon – we’ll probably know well before Christmas and will publish the results in this website.

Update 2009 - I've now been able to do really careful comparison testing of the Original wing with VGs and the factory upgrade VG leading edge. Results at Flight Testing Savannah Aircraft

You can hedge your bets by leaving the slat brackets on the wing, but follow-up testing has now confirmed that the residual brackets do effect the airflow, and make the stall characteristics less than they can be. It's not really bad, still better than most other aircraft, but not as predictable and progressive as it is with the brackets off.

Aerodynamics
I’m often asked just how to cut those brackets off with least hassles. I used one of those very thin cut-off discs in a small angle grinder. Just hold it at a 45º angle and carefully cut a groove on each side as close in as possible. Don’t try to cut right through – once there is a suitable groove on each side, you can flex the bracket a couple of times and break it off. Then just grind out any portions that sit proud of the wing. There are five rivets alongside the bracket which look really crude once the slat is off. I drilled them out and put countersunk rivets instead. I used polyester autobody filler to heal the scar, but epoxy filler would probably be better.
I have a fetish for STOL Ops, and this Savannah with VGs is just ideal. It’s performing STOL so well now that I just can’t help showing off all the time, even on long runways!
240hours in the first year, and it’s all been a blast!
For NatFly I had imported some VGs from the USA, and they sold to Zenair 701, Savannah, Bingo, Lightwing, Skyfox and Jabiru owners. Since then I’ve been doing lots more testing and comparison, and have come up with the new design of Stolspeed VGs that are described elsewhere in this website.
EASA PART 66 MODULE 11 AEROPLANE AERODYNAMICS, STRUCTURES AND SYSTEMS PART 1
(11.1 Theory of Flight 11.1.1 Aeroplane Aerodynamics and Flight Controls 11.1.2 High Speed Flight 11.2 Airframe Structures — General Concepts a b)
11.1 Theory of Flight

11.1.1 Aeroplane Aerodynamics and Flight Controls
— roll control: ailerons and spoilers;
— pitch control: elevators, stabilators, variable incidence stabilisers and canards;



  • Control using elevons, ruddervators;
  • High lift devices, slots, slats, flaps, flaperons;
  • Drag inducing devices, spoilers, lift dumpers, speed brakes;
  • Effects of wing fences, saw tooth leading edges;
  • Boundary layer control using, vortex generators, stall wedges or leading edge devices;
  • Operation and effect of trim tabs, balance and antibalance (leading) tabs, servo tabs,
  • spring tabs, mass balance, control surface bias, aerodynamic balance panels;

And
11.1.2 High Speed Flight
Speed of sound, subsonic flight, transonic flight, supersonic flight,
Mach number, critical Mach number, compressibility buffet, shock wave, aerodynamic heating, area rule;
Factors affecting airflow in engine intakes of high speed aircraft;

(a)

  • Airworthiness requirements for structural strength;
  • Structural classification, primary, secondary and tertiary;
  • Fail safe, safe life, damage tolerance concepts;
  • Zonal and station identification systems;
  • Stress, strain, bending, compression, shear, torsion, tension, hoop stress, fatigue;
  • Drains and ventilation provisions;
  • System installation provisions;
  • Lightning strike protection provision.
  • Aircraft bonding

  • Construction methods of: stressed skin fuselage, formers, stringers, longerons, bulkheads,
  • frames, doublers, struts, ties, beams, floor structures, reinforcement, methods of skinning, anti-corrosive protection, wing, empennage and engine attachments;
  • Structure assembly techniques: riveting, bolting, bonding Methods of surface protection, such as chromating, anodising, painting;
  • Surface cleaning.
  • Airframe symmetry: methods of alignment and symmetry checks.